PESTS OF GUAVA || MAJOR PESTS || MINER PESTS || KHETI KA HISAB

 

PESTS OF GUAVA

 

MAJOR PESTS

 

1. Tea mosquito bug: Helopeltis antonii (Miridae: Hemiptera)   Distribution and status: Goa, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu Host range: Tea, moringa, neem, guava, cashews, and others   Damage symptoms The necrotic lesions caused by the adults and nymphs feeding on the petioles' delicate shoots and leaf veins merge to create patches. Resin leaks from feeding punctures and brownish-black necrotic areas emerge on the leaf. On fruits, scab formation, rusty corky growth, blisters and scales, widespread drying of shoots, inflorescence, and flowers, and fruit shedding are all observed.  Bionomics  The female lays 32 eggs, which have an egg period of 7-8 days and are elongated and slightly curved with a pair of filaments, into the epidermis of sensitive shoots, the axis of inflorescence, and tender fruits. Nymphal stage lasts 14–16 days. Life cycles last between 22 and 25 days.  Management   Ø Pruning should be done to manage the shade so that sunlight may properly penetrate the canopy. Ø At new flush formation, monocrotophos 36 WSC @ 2.5 L in 1500–2000 L water per hectare. Ø Spray carbaryl 50 WP or endosulfan 35 EC at 2.5 kg in 1500–2000 L of water per ha, together with 3 percent urea, at the beginning of flowering and again during fruiting.

 

2. Fruit fly: Bactrocera diversus (Tephritidae: Diptera)

Distribution and status: Every guava orchard in the nation
Host range: Other marketable fruits include guava and tomatoes.

 

Damage symptoms

Maggots consume soft pulp by boring into fruits. When the contaminated fruits are ripped open, the wiggling maggots are visible inside the little cavities with dark greenish punctures. Fruits start to decay and drop off as a result of the infestation. 

Bionomics

. Eggs are placed on soft fruit skin, and the egg cycle lasts 1-4 days. Maggots are cylindrical, light cream in colour, and have a 4-5 day larval stage. Maggots spend 7 to 13 days in the pupal stage in soil. Smoky brown adult with a thorax that is greenish black and has yellow markings.

 

Management    

Ø Gather and eliminate the damaged plant materials.

Ø Pupae are exposed and killed by a summer plough.

Ø Harvest the fruit when it's still slightly green and hard.

Ø Spray malathion 50 EC, endosulfan 35 EC, or fenvalerate 20 EC 1 L. 2 L per hectare with 1500–2000 L of water.

Ø Apply lindane dust 1.3 D @ 25 kg per hectare after raking the ground surrounding the tree.

4. Castor capsule borer: Conogethes punctiferalis (Pyraustidae: Lepidoptera)   Distribution and status: India's south (Major) Host range : Guava, cardamom, castor, and jack  Damage symptoms The larva bores holes filled with excrement into the immature fruits, causing them to dry up and fall off before they should.  Bionomics
6-7 day egg period; eggs are laid on top of leaf axils, inflorescence, delicate plant parts, and fruits. Larvae are pale reddish brown and have many tubercles on their bodies. Larval stage lasts 12–16 days. pupation, which lasts 4 to 11 days, takes place inside the fruit in a silken cocoon. On its medium-sized, vivid orange-yellow wings, there are several little black spots. Life cycles last between 25 and 33 days.

Management

Ø Gather and eliminate the damaged plant materials.

Ø Use a light trap 1/ha to keep an eye on adult activities.

Ø Spray two rounds, one during flower development and the second at fruit set, of malathion 50 EC at 3 L, endosulfan 3 L, or dimethoate 30 EC at 3 L in 1500–2000 L of water per ha.

5. Mealy bug:  Ferrisia virgata, Maconellicoccus hirsutus  (Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera)

Distribution and status: India and other nations that grow grapevines are covered in them.
Host range: Hibiscus, grapevine, mulberry, guava, custard apple, okra, tamarind, and glyricidia are a few examples. 

Damage symptoms
Nymphs and adults alike ingest sap, which causes leaves to wrinkle, become yellow, and cause berries to perish.

Bionomics

The female produces 350–500 orange-colored eggs during a five- to ten-day period in a loose, cottony terminal ovisac. Female and male crawler nymphs are orange in colour and have three and four nymphal instars, respectively. Pinkish adult females with a thin layer of white wax on them. One generation every month, but the life cycle is longer during the winter

.Management

Ø To reduce the population, debark the vines and swab with methylparathion at 1 ml/L.

Ø Spray 500 L of water per ha with dichlorvas 1.0 L, chlorpyriphos 1.25 L, buprofezin 25 SC 1.0-1.5 L, or methomyl 40 SP 1.25 kg.

Ø Release Cryptoleamus montrouzieri, an Australian lady bird beetle, at a rate of 2500–3750 per hectare

Ø Conserve the lepidopteran predator Spalgis epius and the coccinellid Scymnus craccivora.

Ø Methyl parathion, carbaryl, monocrotophos, dimethoate, methyldemeton, quinalphos, diazinon, malathion, and other pesticides should not be sprayed because they are poisonous to predators.

6. Spiraling whitefly: Aleurodicus dispersus (Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera)

 

Distribution and status
           
It is a newly arrived polyphagous pest that attacks ornamentals, fruit trees, vegetables, and shade trees. It is indigenous to Central America and the Caribbean Islands. Its quick diffusion and adaptability have led to its widespread distribution in practically all nations.

 

Host range

In addition to weeds like Euphorbia, Corchorus, Eclipta, Vernonia, Vicoa, Acalypha, Alternanthra, Amaranthus, Convolvulus, Abutilon, etc., it is found on 128 other plants, including guava, cassava, cotton, chilies, tomato, brinjal, bhendi, papaya, and crotons. 

Bionomics

Adult whiteflies are larger than many other kinds of whiteflies and have a waxy coating all over their bodies. Dark reddish brown eyes. Three distinctive dots can be seen on the fore wings. On the underside of leaves, eggs are placed in concentric circles in a spiralling pattern. A typical egg period lasts 5-8 days. 22–30 days make up the nymphal phase. Adults can live for 13 to 21 days. In 40 to 50 days, the entire life cycle is completed.

On the bottom surface of the leaf, adults and nymphs swarm together, sucking the sap and causing premature leaf loss, chlorosis, yellow speckling, crinkling, and curling. Sooty mould fungal growth is also influenced by the release of honey dew. All stages of the pest secrete an abundance of white, waxy flocculent material, which is easily dispersed by wind and causes public disturbance. It is also thought to be a vector for the deadly yellowing of coconut caused by mycoplasma. 

Integrated Pest Management

 

Ø In addition to life stages, remove and destroy damaged leaves.

Ø The neighbouring area should be cleared of weeds like Abutilon, Acalypha, Euphorbia, etc. because they are potential hosts.

Ø Use 15 yellow sticky traps per hectare to lure the adults in and kill them.

Ø Release 10,000 Chrysoperla carnea predators per hectare to eliminate all life stages.

Ø Encourage the activity of predators like Encarsia and Coccinellids, Chilocorus nigrita, and Chilomenus sexmaculatus, among others.

Ø Spray Triazophos 40 EC 3 L, Fish oil rosin soap (FORS) 25g/L, NSKE 5 percent, neem oil 0.03 percent 1ml/l, phosalone 35 EC 3 L, or acephate 75 SP. Based on the incidence, 1.5 kg in 1500–2000 L per ha, or two–three times.

Ø Avoid extending crop growth by employing synthetic pyrethroids.

Ø Preserve the whitefly that spins.

 

7. Bark caterpillar:  Indarbela tetraonis (Metarbelidae: Lepidoptera)

Distribution and status: Potentially serious pest throughout India, Burma, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.

 

Host range: Mango, guava, zizyphus, litchi, orange, pomegranate, mulberry, moringa, rose, guava, and eugenia are some of the fruit and plant varieties. 

Damage symptoms : Young trees die as a result of the attack. Caterpillars create zigzag galleries by boring into the trunk or junction of branches. The primary symptom is the presence of a gallery consisting of silk and frass. They spend the day hiding away in the tunnel, emerging at night to eat the bark. Sap flow is impeded, plant growth is stopped, and fruit formation is significantly decreased when there is a severe infestation. 

Bionomics : The adults come out in the summer and deposit clusters of 15–25 eggs under the loose bark of the trees. In 8 to 10 days, eggs hatched. The larvae create webs and feed, creating zigzag galleries on the wood covered in debris and excrement, before boring down into the wood. The pupal stage lasts 9 to 11 months, and it develops inside the stem. Pupal stage lasts for 3–4 months. 

Management

Ø Place an iron spike into the tunnels to kill the caterpillars.

Ø Using a syringe, inject ethylene glycol and kerosene oil into the tunnel in a 1:3 ratio, and then use mud to plug the aperture.

Ø Introduce any of the fumigants, such as chloroform, gasoline, or kerosene, into the tunnel by dipping a small piece of cotton in them, and then cover the aperture with clay or mud.

8.  Scarlet Mite: Brevipalpus phoenicus  (Tenuipalpidae: Acari)     
On the calyx, leaves, and stalks of fruits, mites lay their eggs. Both nymphs and adults consume the cell sap from fruits, which causes the nodal areas to turn brown and brown spots to form on the calyx and fruit surface. In severe infestation, these symptoms cover the entire surface of fruits leading to splitting of fruits. The 22-day life cycle is over.

 

Management 

Ø Gather and eliminate the damaged plant materials.

Ø Spray 3 kg of wettable sulphur or 2 L of dicofol per hectare in 1500–2000 L of water.

 

MINOR PESTS

 

9.	Aphids	Aphis gossypii	Aphididae	Hemiptera
10	Guava Scale	Chloropulivinaria psidii	Coccidae	Hemiptera
11.	Whitefly	Aleurotuberculatus psidii	Aleyrodidae	Hemiptera
12.	Thrips	Selenothrips rubrocinctus	Thripidae	Hemiptera